Wednesday 28 September 2016
Creating a [Private] Torrent using uTorrent (Guide / Tutorial) Version 0.522
This article explains how to share large files with either your friends (privately) or with anyone (publicly) using BitTorrent and uTorrent, optionally using uTorrent's built in embedded tracker..
DISCLAIMER
Source http://bootstrike.com/Articles/CreateTorrent/
Proceed at your own risk! The information here is accurate to the best of our knowledge. We will not be held responsible if this document causes your computer to explode or burst into flames. In real serious terms, if any corruption of data, hardware damage or any other kind of damage/losses/etc. arises from the use of this document, We will not be responsible for it. If you don't like this, please don't read any further.
Introduction
What are the options when you want to send a 4.3GB DVD folder to your family, relatives and friends? Rapidshare? Megaupload? Or ... MSN? Free media file hosts have some limits either in the maximum data you can download per day, or the constant nagging to buy their premium service. And MSN is not designed for sending such large files - just imagine if the file stalled at the 97% mark - You will need to resend the entire file! MSN's Shared Folders had some promise but it was later replaced by SkyDrive, which limits each file to 50MB, although it gives 25GB of space.
So what other alternative is there? There's FTP. Or you can take a risk and send it via MSN. Or you can split the file in segments and upload it to a SkyDrive, RapidShare, MegaUpload or other file hosting server.
If you have a web hosting server, you can upload it to there. But chances are your web host will not be too happy about it as their terms of service do not allow you to share resource intensive files. Except perhaps our web host, DreamHost - they offer a huge 50GB of space just for backups, along with their normal webspace so you can use it as a convenient file storage centre.
So what else?
Enter Bittorrent - a very efficient peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing protocol to share your files with anyone, anywhere. You can share files privately within only people you choose, or publicly with anyone on the Internet. The only requirement is a internet connection.
Starting off...
You will first need to install and optimize utorrent for maximum speed. This has already been covered in another guide. Please follow it first.
A tracker is needed for all peers to connect to for a updated list of peers. Fortunately, utorrent comes with a built-in tracker function that we will utilize for this guide. If you want to use an external tracker such as OpenBitTorrent, obtain the announcer URL from the site. It will look something like this: http://site.com/announce or udp://site.com:1111. In OpenBitTorrent's case, it will be http://tracker.openbittorrent.com/announce and udp://tracker.openbittorrent.com:80/announce .
For torrents you intend to share with everyone, you will also need to upload the torrent to a tracker site (such as legaltorrents.com) with an appropriate title and description for others to find and download.
Otherwise, you can simply use uTorrent's built-in tracker and upload it to a personal website. In any case, for everyone to be able to download your files, they will need to obtain the torrent file from somewhere such as an online site, via e-mail, via MSN or via file sharing sites such as RapidShare. Without it, they will not be able to download your files.
Pros and Cons of Using uTorrent's Built-In Embedded Tracker
Pros
Cons
Private. Only you and the people you send the torrent to know about your torrent.
Your IP address must not change. IP addresses can change if you use a dial-up connection and need to manually reconnect to the Internet every time you switch on the computer.
If you are using a broadband router such as 2Wire, Linksys, DLink, Belkin, etc, chances are that your IP address never changes unless you restart your router. If it does, it can be somewhat subverted with services like No-ip but the downloaders will be need to be told specifically to refresh their DNS when your IP changes
Simple. Just an on/off switch - not much fuss needed
No control over who can connect to the tracker (unless a firewall is used, advanced). Anyone can connect to your tracker and share their torrent IF and only IF they know your IP address and port number. And you wouldn't know - as uTorrent has no interface to show what is going on in the tracker!
However, the occurrence of this is very rare as the person would need to know your IP address and port. Also, the person can only use your tracker to share files from his own PC so it is a very very minor con.
So which one should you use? If you are creating a torrent only to share with people you know, go with uTorrent's built-in tracker. Else, for torrents that you want anyone to be able to download, go with public trackers.
Using uTorrent's Built-In Tracker
This step is only necessary if you are using uTorrent's built in embedded tracker. If you are using public trackers, it is not needed and you can skip to the next section.
Start uTorrent (if it is already not running)
Check that your port is opened properly by entering your port number below and clicking Submit. Ensure that uTorrent is running before submitting.
uTorrent Port Checker
Enter the port number in this box
and click submit .
Your port number can be found in uTorrent > Options > Preferences > Connection > 'Port used for incoming connections:'.
When you click Submit, there should be a OK! word with a green background as shown in the screen shot below. If not, please read the guide on how to port forward as port forwarding is important for downloaders to be able to connect to you.
Note down the IP address mentioned in the line
Checking port ..(Port Number)... on ...(IP Address)...
Here is a screen shot to better explain (the IP address is blurred for privacy reasons):
Port Checker Results and how to obtain your IP
Port Checker Results and how to obtain your IP address, numbers in the dark blue box shows your IP address
With the information, you can now form the tracker URL. Your tracker URL will be
http://(IP Address):(Port Number)/announce
For example, if your port number is 55641 and your IP address is 209.85.171.100, your tracker URL will be:
http://209.85.171.100:55641/announce
The above is just an example. You will need to substitute it with your IP address and port number you obtained above.
NOTE: Your IP address must also NOT change until you finish sending the files to your friend. This means you should not restart your router or disconnect your dial-up session until you finish sending the files. If your IP address changes, no one can connect to you and the torrent will stall as the peers will not know your new IP. However, activity between peers will continue, just that new peers will not be able to join the torrent. If no one other peer has the complete file when you change IP or disconnect, the torrent will stall.
We will need this tracker URL later, so note it down somewhere for now.
In utorrent, go to Options > Preferences > Advanced
Change the Value of bt.enable_tracker to true
Setting bt.enable_tracker to true
Setting bt.enable_tracker to true
On the left, click Bittorrent
Set the IP/Hostname to report to tracker to your IP address we identified just now. You only need the IP address, do not include the port number. In our example, it would be:
209.85.171.100
You're set! Click OK.
Creating the Torrent
You cannot change any part of the download once it is created. For example, if you create a torrent from a folder named 'WEDDING', you must not modify the contents of the folder by adding any new files to the folder as those will not get sent.
Lets start to create a torrent.
Place all your files that you want to share in one folder.
Start uTorrent (if it is already not running)
Click File and then Create New Torrent...
Under Select Source, select the folder containing the files you want to share by clicking on Add directory
Under Trackers: add your tracker server. If you are using utorrent's built-in tracker, follow the format stated above. For example, if your port number is 55641 and IP address is 209.85.171.100, your tracker server will be:
http://209.85.171.100:55641/announce
Otherwise, if you are using public trackers, simply add the tracker address into the Trackers box.
If you are using utorrent's built-in tracker, under Trackers, add another line with an entry replacing your IP address with 'localhost' but leaving the port as the same value. For example, if your port number is 55641, the new line will be:
http://localhost:55641/announce
Add a comment to describe your torrent under Comment. This is optional and only helps for torrents in public trackers so that people can easily identify the contents of the torrent
Tick the boxes labeled Start seeding and Private torrent. If you are going to upload this torrent in a public network for *anyone* to download (e.g. ISOHunt or OpenBitTorrent), do NOT tick Private Torrent.
It should now look something like this:
Create New Torrent
Create New Torrent, with the boxes filled in. If you are not using utorrent's built in embedded tracker, you don't need to have the 2nd line under Trackers
You're almost set! To make the torrent, click 'Create and save as...'. uTorrent will begin hashing the files and then asks you where to save the resulting torrent file. Put it in a location you can remember. You will need this file later.
Click Close.
You should see the torrent in your list with a green up arrow (like this: ) with the status Seeding.
If the arrow is red and you are using the built-in tracker,
Did you set the port correctly?
Did you add the localhost entry as stated above?
Did you set bt.enable_tracker to true?
Double-click the torrent row and check the list of Trackers. If it is wrong, delete and recreate the torrent again following the steps outlined above.
If the arrow is red and you are using an external tracker,
Double-click the torrent and check the list of Trackers to ensure it matches the value provided by the tracker operator. If it is wrong, delete and recreate the torrent again
If you are using another computer to host the tracker, make sure that computer is setup for port forwarding correctly.
You may need to upload your torrent at the tracker website and download it back again. After downloading it back, open the torrent in uTorrent and set the Save folder as the same folder you selected when you created the torrent. uTorrent will recheck and automatically begin seeding the file.
The tracker may require registration or some other action from you. Check the tab Trackers > Status column for the details of the error.
You're now set and are seeding the torrent!
Getting your Friend to Download
It's simple - just send the torrent to your friend and your friend simply has to add it to his favorite bittorrent software (such as uTorrent). Just like downloading any other torrent!
Send (via email or any other method you prefer) the torrent file that you saved in the previous step to all the people you want to share the files with.
Your friends simply need to add the torrent to their favorite bittorrent software such as uTorrent, Bit Comet, Azureus, etc..
Checking For Activity
Give it some time (up to a minute) for your friend to connect to you. You should see your upload rate start to increase with every peer that begins to download from you. Activity can be monitored in the Peers tab, after you select the torrent row.
Some public trackers may request utorrent to update trackers at only a certain interval (e.g. 30 minutes). If you are not able to right-click the torrent and click 'Update Tracker', the only thing you can do is wait till utorrent gets a new list of peers from the tracker. uTorrent's embedded tracker updates every 5 minutes.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1) Must my friend use a torrent client to download my files?
Yes, but you don't really have to install any software to download it. Sites such as Torrent Relay and BitLet allow a user to download the torrent without installing any software. However, when you use such sites, you are letting those sites know information about the torrent you are downloading.
2) My internet is slow / online gaming is full of lag / how do I control how much upload bandwidth I use for a particular torrent?
You need to slow down your upload rate. Right-click the utorrent icon in the bottom right at the system tray > Upload Limit > (set a lower rate).
3)
My peers are receiving the error messages "invalid http reply" or "connection closed by peer"?
Most likely your ISP is interfering with the utorrent server. The workaround is to tell your peers to manually add your IP to the peer list. Assuming your peers are using uTorrent,
Click on the torrent row
Click on the Peers tab at the bottom area
Right-click anywhere on a blank area in the list that appears for that tab
Click "Add Peer..."
Enter the IP address and port number of the person hosting the file. For example, following my example above, we would tell our peers to add
209.85.171.100:55641
Click OK
You should see a new peer appear on the list. The tracker errors will continue and can be ignored.
Another alternative would be to use public trackers instead. Note that using public trackers can end in people you don't know downloading your torrent.
4)
What solutions are there if I am not able to perform port forwarding?
If you still can't get the green port forward to work, you will manually need to add peers as none of the peers can connect directly to your tracker. Note that those peers must be able to perform port forward successfully i.e. get the green mark when testing the port forward function above. To add peers manually, you will need their ip address and port number for each peer in the following format: :. For example
209.85.171.100:55641
Once the torrent is seeding, go to the Peers tab, right click on a blank area, click 'Add Peer...' and enter the string above for each peer in the seeding computer.
If even other peers are not able to port forward, you should either use a public tracker or find another computer who can host the tracker (not the actual download). Then when you create the torrent, specify the tracker as the other computer's IP. No 'localhost' tracker is required in this case. Ensure that all parties are using at least uTorrent v2 to take advantage of the UDP hole punching feature
Friday 23 September 2016
Android facts
15 Less known facts about Android
Facts about Android.
More than one billion mobile phones are powered by Android operating system.
Android Kit Kat and facts about android
1. The Android operating system was developed by Android Inc., in 2004 backed by Google. Later Google bought it in 2005 at a price of $50 million.
2. Android operating system, was developed as a platform for digital cameras. But the makers later changed their focus to smart phones as they saw its potential.
3. Google launched Android operating system in November 5, 2007, which is a Linux based software system.
4. HTC Dream or T_Mobile G1 is the first ever smartphone to run on the Android operating system, this mobile phone was released in the year 2008.
5. Google’s Android operating system, has attained over a billion activations on devices like smartphones and tablets.
6. Except Android 1.0 and 1.1, all the other Android versions are named after sweet treats like Jelly Bean, Ice Cream Sandwich, Honeycomb to name a few.
7. Android operating system has been released in a lot of versions, where every release has been following an alphabetical order in naming. The names are Android Astro (1.0), Bender (1.1), Cupcake (1.5), Donut (1.6), Eclair (2.0), Froyo (2.2.x), Gingerbread (2.3.x), Honeycomb (3.0), Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0.x), Jelly Bean (4.x)) and KitKat (4.4). Google considering Lollypop as the next version’s name.
Also read: Evolution of Android Operating System, Less known android features in latest versions, Android apps for remote computer access.
8. Do you know that Android is open source? Since Google is a member of Open Handset Alliance (OHA), it has given users or interested people the option to modify source code of the OS. This has allowed manufacturers to add features to the OS.
9. Human with a robot appearance is the meaning of the word Android. It refers to a male robot. Gynoid is the female looking robot.
facts about android
bugdroid
10. Android is Andy Rubin who is the co-creator of Android, it was the name given to him at Apple before joining Google, for his obsession and love for robots.
11. There is a Android running device in space!! NASA equipped Floating space robots with Nexus S handsets. These devices run on Android Gingerbread.
12. Most of the people think that the name of Android’s logo character is also Android, but its not true. The actual name of Android Mascot is Bugdroid, though this is not official, Google team call it by this name.
13. One of the best parts of being an Android owner is its apps, its app store “Google play” has more than 48 billion app installs, of which most of them are free.
14. Now Android is used to power devices like Google Glass, Watches and so on.
15. For the launch of its latest version, it took a proper brand name.
- See more at: http://www.spinfold.com/15-less-known-facts-about-android/#sthash.67BAP5vJ.dpuf
Android facts
15 Less known facts about Android
Facts about Android.
More than one billion mobile phones are powered by Android operating system.
Android Kit Kat and facts about android
1. The Android operating system was developed by Android Inc., in 2004 backed by Google. Later Google bought it in 2005 at a price of $50 million.
2. Android operating system, was developed as a platform for digital cameras. But the makers later changed their focus to smart phones as they saw its potential.
3. Google launched Android operating system in November 5, 2007, which is a Linux based software system.
4. HTC Dream or T_Mobile G1 is the first ever smartphone to run on the Android operating system, this mobile phone was released in the year 2008.
5. Google’s Android operating system, has attained over a billion activations on devices like smartphones and tablets.
6. Except Android 1.0 and 1.1, all the other Android versions are named after sweet treats like Jelly Bean, Ice Cream Sandwich, Honeycomb to name a few.
7. Android operating system has been released in a lot of versions, where every release has been following an alphabetical order in naming. The names are Android Astro (1.0), Bender (1.1), Cupcake (1.5), Donut (1.6), Eclair (2.0), Froyo (2.2.x), Gingerbread (2.3.x), Honeycomb (3.0), Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0.x), Jelly Bean (4.x)) and KitKat (4.4). Google considering Lollypop as the next version’s name.
Also read: Evolution of Android Operating System, Less known android features in latest versions, Android apps for remote computer access.
8. Do you know that Android is open source? Since Google is a member of Open Handset Alliance (OHA), it has given users or interested people the option to modify source code of the OS. This has allowed manufacturers to add features to the OS.
9. Human with a robot appearance is the meaning of the word Android. It refers to a male robot. Gynoid is the female looking robot.
facts about android
bugdroid
10. Android is Andy Rubin who is the co-creator of Android, it was the name given to him at Apple before joining Google, for his obsession and love for robots.
11. There is a Android running device in space!! NASA equipped Floating space robots with Nexus S handsets. These devices run on Android Gingerbread.
12. Most of the people think that the name of Android’s logo character is also Android, but its not true. The actual name of Android Mascot is Bugdroid, though this is not official, Google team call it by this name.
13. One of the best parts of being an Android owner is its apps, its app store “Google play” has more than 48 billion app installs, of which most of them are free.
14. Now Android is used to power devices like Google Glass, Watches and so on.
15. For the launch of its latest version, it took a proper brand name.
- See more at: http://www.spinfold.com/15-less-known-facts-about-android/#sthash.67BAP5vJ.dpuf
Science Facts
1. Temperature is a measure of heat energy.
Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (Centigrade), Fahrenheit, or Kelvin.
Some high temperatures:
Boiling water at sea level = 100 degrees Celsius;
Molten lava = 2,000 Kelvin;
Tungsten filament of a light bulb = 4,000 Kelvin;
2. The 18th-century French scientist Antoine Lavoisier used two large lenses to ignite a fluid in a container. How did he use the lenses to do this? (See 3. below)
3. In the 18th Century, Antoine Lavoisier used two large convex lenses to focus sunlight (heat energy) onto a container of alcohol and ignite it.
4. The lower the pressure the lower will be the temperature at which water boils. At sea level water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit; At 12,087ft in Tibet, water boils at 188.6 degrees Fahrenheit; At the top of Mt. Everest water boils at 159.8 degrees Fahrenheit.
5. The average body temperature of a sparrow is 105.8 degrees Fahrenheit; Butter melts at about 87 degrees Fahrenheit; Arctic seawater freezes at 30 degrees Fahrenheit. (It is salty and so freezes at a lower temperature than pure, freshwater.)
6. Silver melts at 962 degrees Celsius and boils at 2,210 degrees Celsius; Gold melts at 1,064 degrees Celsius and boils at 2,900 degrees Celsius.
7. Temperatures in our universe range from about 3,500,000,000 Kelvin (a supernova) to about 3 Kelvin (space). Our Sun is a class G yellow star and has an average surface temperature of 5,600 Kelvin.
8. The temperature of rock at the bottom of the deepest (12,600ft) mine in South Africa is 328 Kelvin (131 degrees Fahrenheit).
9. All animals need heat to keep their bodies alive but different animals tolerate or need different temperatures. In addition, some animals can maintain constant body temperatures under normal conditions. These animals are called warm-blooded. The body temperature of other types of animals varies with the temperature of their surroundings. These animals are called cold-blooded.
10. The average body temperatures of some warm-blooded animals:
Humans: 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
Rabbit: 101.3 degrees Fahrenheit
Polar Bear: 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit
Blue Whale: 95.9 degrees Fahrenheit
Owl: 104.4 degrees Fahrenheit
Ostrich: 102.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
11. Some warm-blooded animals hibernate during cold weather and their body temperature falls to conserve energy. The normal temperature of a hibernating dormouse falls from 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit to 64 degrees; The normal temperature of an opossum falls from 95 degrees Fahrenheit to 50.9 degrees.
12. Cold-blooded animals lack internal temperature controls so they bask in the sun to keep warm and then hide in the shade to keep cool. They are most active when when their body teperatures are greater than 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The salamander is cold-blooded and can survive in temperatures of 42.4 through 79.7 degrees Fahrenheit.
13. Here are Celsius (Centigrade) and Fahrenheit comparisons:
What is the temperature of freezing water on the Centigrade scale?
14. Absolute zero is a theoretical temperature. It is that temperature at which all substances have no heat energy. It is defined as zero Kelvin (0 Kelvin). 0 Kelvin is equivalent to -273.16 degrees Celsius, and -459.69 degrees Fahrenheit .
15. The temperature of a substance is a result of the speed at which its molecules are moving. The faster the molecules are moving, the higher the temperature of the substance.
16. Does hot water freeze faster than cold water? No, it does not. However, boiled water has less dissolved air and fewer air bubbles; for this reason water that has been boiled might freeze faster and will form ice that is more dense.
17. Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen releasing both heat and light energy.
18. In the 18th Century the German scientist George Stahl (1660-1734) developed the theory that combustion and rusting both involved a substance that he called phlogiston. He theorized that combustible substances contain phlogiston which is used up when they burn. (This theory intrigued scientists of the but was incorrect.)
19. The French scientist Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) showed that oxygen is the substance necessary for combustion. Lavoisier showed that the gain in weight when a substance was burned to ash was equivalent to the loss in weight of the air in his experiment. (The air had lost oxygen.)
20. The Celsius (originally called Centigrade) scale is a temperature scale in which 0 (zero) degrees is set at the freezing point of water, and 100 degrees is set at the boiling point of water at sea level. This scale is named after the Swedish scientist Anders Celsius (1701-1744)
21. The Swedish scientist Anders Celsius (1701-1744), who invented the Celsius temperature scale in 1742, actually set the scale with 0 as the boiling point of water and 100 as the freezing point. The scale was reversed soon after its invention.
22. The Fahrenheit temperature scale was devised in 1714 by the German scientist G.D. Fahrenheit. His scale has 180 degrees between the freezing point of water which he set at 32 degrees, and the boiling point of water which he set at 212 degrees. The Fahrenheit scale is still in general use but is not commonly in scientific use where Celsius and Kelvin are the preferred scales.
23. To convert Fahrenheit temperatures to degrees Celsius you can use the following calculation: 1. Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature; 2. multiply the result by 5; 3. Divide this result by 9. 4. The result is the equivalent in degrees Celsius.
24. The Kelvin temperature scale was devised in 1848 by William Thomson, Lord Kelvin. His scale was not based on any specific substance. Instead, the size of the units (degrees) was set at exactly the same as those of the Celsius scale. However, 0 (zero) on the Kelvin scale is absolute zero, a theoretical temperature at which all substances have no heat energy.
25. In 1967, by international agreement, The Kelvin temperature scale was decided to be a scale of units raher than degrees. It is proper therefore to describe the temperature of the boiling point of water at sea level as being 373.15 Kelvin (not 373,15 degrees Kelvin), and the freezing point of water as 273.15 Kelvin (or 273.15 K)
26. To all countries in the world (except the United States, Burma, South Yemen and Tonga) use the Systeme Internationale d Unites (International System of Units) or SI for short. SI uses the metric system which has all units in multiples of ten. The SI units used for temperature and heat measurement include: Kelvin, therms, and joules.
27. A Calorie (upper-case C) is a kilocalorie and is the unit of heat commonly used to describe the energy content of foods. The calorie and Calorie are being replaced by the joule and kilojoule. Here are some equivalents: 1 Calorie (kilocalorie) = 1,000 calories
1 Calorie = 4,184 joules or 4.184 kilojoules
1 kilojoule = 0.239 kilocalories or Calories.
28. Heat is a form of energy. There are several physical effects of heat including: 1. Changing the temperature of a substance; 2. Changing the state of a substance (as from solid to liquid); 3. Causing expansion of the substance;
29. Heat is transferred from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature by conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction occurs mainly in solids; convection occurs in fluids, and radiation occurs through space, Radiation occurs without the need for any substance to transfer the heat.
30. Water boils at lower temperatures as altitude (height above sea level) increases. This table shows the temperature of boiling water at various altitudes:
Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (Centigrade), Fahrenheit, or Kelvin.
Some high temperatures:
Boiling water at sea level = 100 degrees Celsius;
Molten lava = 2,000 Kelvin;
Tungsten filament of a light bulb = 4,000 Kelvin;
2. The 18th-century French scientist Antoine Lavoisier used two large lenses to ignite a fluid in a container. How did he use the lenses to do this? (See 3. below)
3. In the 18th Century, Antoine Lavoisier used two large convex lenses to focus sunlight (heat energy) onto a container of alcohol and ignite it.
4. The lower the pressure the lower will be the temperature at which water boils. At sea level water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit; At 12,087ft in Tibet, water boils at 188.6 degrees Fahrenheit; At the top of Mt. Everest water boils at 159.8 degrees Fahrenheit.
5. The average body temperature of a sparrow is 105.8 degrees Fahrenheit; Butter melts at about 87 degrees Fahrenheit; Arctic seawater freezes at 30 degrees Fahrenheit. (It is salty and so freezes at a lower temperature than pure, freshwater.)
6. Silver melts at 962 degrees Celsius and boils at 2,210 degrees Celsius; Gold melts at 1,064 degrees Celsius and boils at 2,900 degrees Celsius.
7. Temperatures in our universe range from about 3,500,000,000 Kelvin (a supernova) to about 3 Kelvin (space). Our Sun is a class G yellow star and has an average surface temperature of 5,600 Kelvin.
8. The temperature of rock at the bottom of the deepest (12,600ft) mine in South Africa is 328 Kelvin (131 degrees Fahrenheit).
9. All animals need heat to keep their bodies alive but different animals tolerate or need different temperatures. In addition, some animals can maintain constant body temperatures under normal conditions. These animals are called warm-blooded. The body temperature of other types of animals varies with the temperature of their surroundings. These animals are called cold-blooded.
10. The average body temperatures of some warm-blooded animals:
Humans: 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
Rabbit: 101.3 degrees Fahrenheit
Polar Bear: 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit
Blue Whale: 95.9 degrees Fahrenheit
Owl: 104.4 degrees Fahrenheit
Ostrich: 102.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
11. Some warm-blooded animals hibernate during cold weather and their body temperature falls to conserve energy. The normal temperature of a hibernating dormouse falls from 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit to 64 degrees; The normal temperature of an opossum falls from 95 degrees Fahrenheit to 50.9 degrees.
12. Cold-blooded animals lack internal temperature controls so they bask in the sun to keep warm and then hide in the shade to keep cool. They are most active when when their body teperatures are greater than 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The salamander is cold-blooded and can survive in temperatures of 42.4 through 79.7 degrees Fahrenheit.
13. Here are Celsius (Centigrade) and Fahrenheit comparisons:
Fahrenheit
minus 40 0 degrees 32 degrees 50 degrees 95 degrees 140 degrees |
Centigrade
minus 40 minus 17.78 degrees 0 degrees 10 degrees 35 degrees 60 degrees |
14. Absolute zero is a theoretical temperature. It is that temperature at which all substances have no heat energy. It is defined as zero Kelvin (0 Kelvin). 0 Kelvin is equivalent to -273.16 degrees Celsius, and -459.69 degrees Fahrenheit .
15. The temperature of a substance is a result of the speed at which its molecules are moving. The faster the molecules are moving, the higher the temperature of the substance.
16. Does hot water freeze faster than cold water? No, it does not. However, boiled water has less dissolved air and fewer air bubbles; for this reason water that has been boiled might freeze faster and will form ice that is more dense.
17. Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen releasing both heat and light energy.
18. In the 18th Century the German scientist George Stahl (1660-1734) developed the theory that combustion and rusting both involved a substance that he called phlogiston. He theorized that combustible substances contain phlogiston which is used up when they burn. (This theory intrigued scientists of the but was incorrect.)
19. The French scientist Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) showed that oxygen is the substance necessary for combustion. Lavoisier showed that the gain in weight when a substance was burned to ash was equivalent to the loss in weight of the air in his experiment. (The air had lost oxygen.)
20. The Celsius (originally called Centigrade) scale is a temperature scale in which 0 (zero) degrees is set at the freezing point of water, and 100 degrees is set at the boiling point of water at sea level. This scale is named after the Swedish scientist Anders Celsius (1701-1744)
21. The Swedish scientist Anders Celsius (1701-1744), who invented the Celsius temperature scale in 1742, actually set the scale with 0 as the boiling point of water and 100 as the freezing point. The scale was reversed soon after its invention.
22. The Fahrenheit temperature scale was devised in 1714 by the German scientist G.D. Fahrenheit. His scale has 180 degrees between the freezing point of water which he set at 32 degrees, and the boiling point of water which he set at 212 degrees. The Fahrenheit scale is still in general use but is not commonly in scientific use where Celsius and Kelvin are the preferred scales.
23. To convert Fahrenheit temperatures to degrees Celsius you can use the following calculation: 1. Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature; 2. multiply the result by 5; 3. Divide this result by 9. 4. The result is the equivalent in degrees Celsius.
24. The Kelvin temperature scale was devised in 1848 by William Thomson, Lord Kelvin. His scale was not based on any specific substance. Instead, the size of the units (degrees) was set at exactly the same as those of the Celsius scale. However, 0 (zero) on the Kelvin scale is absolute zero, a theoretical temperature at which all substances have no heat energy.
25. In 1967, by international agreement, The Kelvin temperature scale was decided to be a scale of units raher than degrees. It is proper therefore to describe the temperature of the boiling point of water at sea level as being 373.15 Kelvin (not 373,15 degrees Kelvin), and the freezing point of water as 273.15 Kelvin (or 273.15 K)
26. To all countries in the world (except the United States, Burma, South Yemen and Tonga) use the Systeme Internationale d Unites (International System of Units) or SI for short. SI uses the metric system which has all units in multiples of ten. The SI units used for temperature and heat measurement include: Kelvin, therms, and joules.
27. A Calorie (upper-case C) is a kilocalorie and is the unit of heat commonly used to describe the energy content of foods. The calorie and Calorie are being replaced by the joule and kilojoule. Here are some equivalents: 1 Calorie (kilocalorie) = 1,000 calories
1 Calorie = 4,184 joules or 4.184 kilojoules
1 kilojoule = 0.239 kilocalories or Calories.
28. Heat is a form of energy. There are several physical effects of heat including: 1. Changing the temperature of a substance; 2. Changing the state of a substance (as from solid to liquid); 3. Causing expansion of the substance;
29. Heat is transferred from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature by conduction, convection, or radiation. Conduction occurs mainly in solids; convection occurs in fluids, and radiation occurs through space, Radiation occurs without the need for any substance to transfer the heat.
30. Water boils at lower temperatures as altitude (height above sea level) increases. This table shows the temperature of boiling water at various altitudes:
Place
|
Altitude
|
Water boils
|
London England
Dead Sea Denver Colorado Quito, Ecuador Lhasa, Tibet Mt. Everest (top) |
Sea level
-1,296 ft 5,280 ft 9,350 ft 12,087 ft 29,002 ft |
212.0šF or 100šC
213.8šF or 101šC 203šF or 95šC 194šF or 90šC 188.6šF or 87šC 159.8šF or 71šC |
Note: The boiling points of all liquids will be similarly affected. What sorts of things might be affected by the lower boiling points of water and other liquids?
Thursday 22 September 2016
Mars Rover Continued..
To discover the possibilities for past or present life on Mars, NASA's Mars Exploration Program is currently following an exploration strategy known as "Seek Signs of Life."
This science theme marks a transition in Mars exploration. It reflects a long-term process of discovery on the red planet, built on strategies to understand Mars' potential as a habitat for past or present microbial life. Searching for this answer means delving into the planet's geologic and climate history to find out how, when and why Mars underwent dramatic changes to become the forbidding, yet promising, planet we observe today.
About 3.8-3.5 billion years ago, Mars and Earth were much more similar. Evidence from Mars missions suggest Mars may have been much warmer and wetter than we observe it to be today. In this ancient timeframe, scientists find the first evidence of microbial life on Earth. Did Mars provide similar environmental conditions for life long ago? If microbes were present on Mars in the planet's ancient past, could it exist in special regions today? And, even if microbial life never existed, might Mars provide a future habitat for human explorers someday in the future?
Because water is key to life as we know it, earlier Mars missions (2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Exploration Rovers, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Phoenix Lander) were designed to make discoveries under the previous Mars Exploration Program science theme of "Follow the Water." Progressive discoveries related to evidence of past and present water in the geologic record make it possible to take the next steps toward finding evidence of life itself.
The Mars Science Laboratory mission and its Curiosity rover mark a transition between the themes of "Follow the Water" and "Seek Signs of Life." In addition to landing in a place with past evidence of water, Curiosity is seeking evidence of organics, the chemical building blocks of life. Places with water and the chemistry needed for life potentially provide habitable conditions. Future Mars missions would likely be designed to search for life itself in places identified as potential past or present habitats. Like all Mars Exploration Program missions, future missions will be driven by rigorous scientific questions that continually evolve from discoveries by prior missions. New and previously developed technologies will enable us to explore Mars in ways we never have before, resulting in higher-resolution images, precision landings, longer-ranging surface mobility and even the return of Martian soil and rock samples for studies in laboratories here on Earth.
Mars Exploration Program
The Mars Exploration Program
Since our first close-up picture of Mars in 1965, spacecraft voyages to the Red Planet have revealed a world strangely familiar, yet different enough to challenge our perceptions of what makes a planet work. Every time we feel close to understanding Mars, new discoveries send us straight back to the drawing board to revise existing theories.
Since our first close-up picture of Mars in 1965, spacecraft voyages to the Red Planet have revealed a world strangely familiar, yet different enough to challenge our perceptions of what makes a planet work. Every time we feel close to understanding Mars, new discoveries send us straight back to the drawing board to revise existing theories.
You'd think Mars would be easier to understand. Like Earth, Mars has polar ice caps and clouds in its atmosphere, seasonal weather patterns, volcanoes, canyons and other recognizable features. However, conditions on Mars vary wildly from what we know on our own planet.
Over the past three decades, spacecraft have shown us that Mars is rocky, cold, and dry beneath its hazy, pink sky. We've discovered that today's Martian wasteland hints at a formerly volatile world where volcanoes once raged, meteors plowed deep craters, and flash floods rushed over the land. And Mars continues to throw out new enticements with each landing or orbital pass made by our spacecraft.
The Defining Question for Mars Exploration: Life on Mars?
Among our discoveries about Mars, one stands out above all others: the possible presence of liquid water on Mars, either in its ancient past or preserved in the subsurface today. Water is key because almost everywhere we find water on Earth, we find life. If Mars once had liquid water, or still does today, it's compelling to ask whether any microscopic life forms could have developed on its surface. Is there any evidence of life in the planet's past? If so, could any of these tiny living creatures still exist today? Imagine how exciting it would be to answer, "Yes!!"
Even if Mars is devoid of past or present life, however, there's still much excitement on the horizon. We ourselves might become the "life on Mars" should humans choose to travel there one day. Meanwhile, we still have a lot to learn about this amazing planet and its extreme environments.
Facts Part II
- Hyphephilia are people who get aroused by touching fabrics.
- Billy goats urinate on their own heads to smell more attractive to females.
- The person who invented the Frisbee was cremated and made into frisbees after he died!
- During your lifetime, you will produce enough saliva to fill two swimming pools.
- If Pinokio says “My Noes Will Grow Now”, it would cause a paradox. Details here.
- Polar bears can eat as many as 86 penguins in a single sitting. (If they lived in the same place)
- King Henry VIII slept with a gigantic axe beside him.
- Bikinis and tampons invented by men.
- An eagle can kill a young deer and fly away with it.
- If you lift a kangaroo’s tail off the ground it can’t hop.
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